Everything below concerns GW501516. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-03-20. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that influences transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid transport, and energy homeostasis. GW501516 binds and activates this receptor with high selectivity relative to PPARα and PPARγ in laboratory assays. Activation alters expression of target genes in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in animal models. The exact clinical consequences of these changes in humans remain incompletely characterized, and observed effects in animals do not establish therapeutic benefit or safety.
Published studies have examined GW501516 in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and exercise endurance. Early human trials reportedly ended, and development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in some rodent studies. Regulatory agencies have not approved cardarine for any medical use. Its availability through non-pharmaceutical channels raises questions about identity, purity, and legal status that are separate from its laboratory pharmacology. Those questions are often addressed through analytical testing rather than assumptions about product labels.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, GW 501516, endurobol | Names vary in research and anti-doping documents. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic PPARδ agonist | Small-molecule nuclear receptor ligand. |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Identifier commonly associated with GW501516. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for purified research material. |
| Solubility | Low in water; soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Organic solvents are common for laboratory stock solutions. |
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational chemical GW501516, also written GW-1516. It was developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist for metabolic conditions such as dyslipidemia. Early research focused on lipid handling and energy use in skeletal muscle and other tissues. The compound was never approved as a medicine. In public discussion, it is often grouped with performance-enhancing substances, although its receptor target differs from that of anabolic steroids or selective androgen receptor modulators. Regulatory and health authorities have issued warnings about its use.
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
=== Allegations of Forced Recruitment === Amid the political dispute between the TPLF-reinstated regional council and the federally recognized Tigray Interim Administration (TIA), reports emerged in 2026 alleging widespread forced military recruitment across parts of Tigray. On 4 June 2026, Human Rights First Ethiopia (HRFE) released an investigative report claiming that coercive recruitment campaigns and mass roundups (afesa) had occurred in several areas of Tigray, including the Northwestern, Central, and Eastern zones. The report documented testimonies from 27 witnesses, including family members, local officials, former recruits, and individuals who allegedly escaped conscription. According to the report, recruitment efforts targeted former Tigray Defense Forces members, households that had not previously contributed family members during the 2020–2022 conflict, and groups of young people gathered in public locations such as markets, mining sites, entertainment venues, and religious sites. HRFE alleged that some individuals were detained, transported to military facilities, or compelled to join military units against their will. The organization argued that such practices violated provisions of the Ethiopian Constitution, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and international human rights instruments concerning arbitrary detention and forced labor.
In the US, almost exclusively corn (more precisely, corn syrup) is used as glucose source for the production of isoglucose, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose, since fructose has a higher sweetening power – with same physiological calorific value of 374 kilocalories per 100 g. The annual world production of isoglucose is 8 million tonnes (as of 2011). When made from corn syrup, the final product is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS).
==== Microspheres ==== An aqueous suspension of progesterone encapsulated in microspheres is marketed for use by intramuscular injection under the brand name ProSphere in Mexico. It is administered once weekly or once monthly, depending on the indication. For instance, the medication is administered at a dose of 100 to 300 mg by intramuscular injection once every 7 days for the treatment of threatened miscarriage. The microspheres range in size from 33 to 75 μg and are delivered using pre-filled syringes with a 20-gauge 38 mm needle. Peak levels of progesterone after a single 100 or 200 mg intramuscular injection of ProSphere occur after about 1.5 days. The elimination half-life of progesterone with this formulation is about 8 days. A single 200 mg intramuscular injection maintains progesterone levels of more than 10 ng/mL for 5 to 7 days. ProSphere is well tolerated in terms of injection site reactions. A combination of both estradiol and progesterone encapsulated within microspheres as an aqueous suspension for use by intramuscular injection has been marketed under the brand name Juvenum in Mexico. Studies of this formulation have been published. Estradiol and progesterone encapsulated in microspheres has been studied for use as a once-a-month combined injectable contraceptive but has not been further developed nor introduced for medical use.
=== 9 May === Fourteen people were killed in RSF shelling on Abu Shouk camp. The Sudanese government ordered the shutdown of the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline carrying petroleum experts by South Sudan, citing RSF attacks.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Some opioid antagonists are not pure antagonists because they produce weak opioid partial agonist effects, and can produce analgesic effects when administered in high doses to individuals who have never taken opioids. Examples of such compounds include nalorphine and levallorphan. However, the analgesic effects from these specific drugs are limited and tend to be accompanied by dysphoria, most likely due to additional agonist action at the κ-opioid receptor. As they induce opioid withdrawal effects in people who are taking, or have recently used, opioid full agonists, these drugs are generally considered to be antagonists for practical purposes. The weak partial agonist effect can be useful for some purposes, and has previously been used for purposes such as long-term maintenance of former opioid addicts using nalorphine, however it can also have disadvantages such as worsening respiratory depression in patients who have overdosed on non-opioid sedatives such as alcohol or barbiturates. On the other hand, Naloxone has no partial agonist effects, and is in fact a partial inverse agonist at μ-opioid receptors, and so is the preferred antidote drug for treating opioid overdose. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opioids and endorphins. Naloxone is a drug used to treat opioid overdose.
The way a drug product is designed and manufactured Its physical and chemical properties Other ingredients it contains The physiologic characteristics of the person taking the drug How the drug is stored
Promising results of health and medical research are reported: phase 3-trialed R21/Matrix-M vaccine against Malaria (1 Feb), phase 3-trialed resmetirom as first medication against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis of the liver (7 Feb), a blood test against heart attacks, the top cause of human deaths (12 Feb), a low-cost saliva test against breast cancer (13 Feb), pigs-tested patient repositioning method for magnetic microbot navigation against liver cancer (14 Feb), antibiotic cresomycin against multiple drug-resistant bacterial strains (15 Feb), small-trialed 15 min exposure to 670 nm red light against blood glucose spikes following meals (20 Feb), small-trialed Omalizumab against food allergies (25 Feb), a donor heart is transplanted after 12 hours of preservation and transport using an airplane, small-trialed headgear for gamma stimulation to recruit the glymphatic system to remove brain amyloid against Alzheimer's disease (28 Feb).
The company operated fertilizer companies, confectioners and beverage companies, including Miller Brewing. Grace pioneered genetic engineering at its Agricetus division in Wisconsin, and human gene therapy at its Aurigent Pharmaceuticals group. The company constructed a 160-acre research complex, the Washington Research Center, in Columbia, Maryland. It also commissioned the New York City skyscraper, the W. R. Grace Building, as its world headquarters, in midtown Manhattan, where it directed worldwide operations, including Grace Container Products.
=== January === 2 January – A truck collides with a bus in Rio Grande do Sul, killing 11 people and injuring seven others. 8 January – President Lula vetoes a bill that would have reduced the prison sentence of former president Jair Bolsonaro over the 2022–2023 Brazilian coup plot from 27 years to two. A court in Minas Gerais sentences a former Roman Catholic priest based in Contagem to 24 years' imprisonment for raping a minor in 2016. 14 January – Four people are killed in a police operation against the Comando Vermelho in the Salgueiro favela of Rio de Janeiro. 22 January – Anvisa bans the sale, distribution, manufacturing, import, advertising, and use of medications based on tirzepatide from unlicensed companies.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Mechanism == After iterative computational and experimental studies, the internal amidate mechanism was proposed in collaboration of Wu, Yu, and Houk. In the proposed mechanism, the trimeric Pd-precatalyst converts to the mono-Pd complex with coordination to solvent and the bidentate MPAA ligand. Mass spectrometry results reveal this active catalyst which forms favorably with the stabilizing dianionic MPAA ligand as computations suggest.
The company's primary competitors for its hardware are Nvidia, AMD, Intel, and Broadcom and the company's primary competitors for its cloud computing services are Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, Oracle Corporation, and CoreWeave.
Skeletal muscle serves as a storage site for amino acids, creatine, myoglobin, and adenosine triphosphate, which can be used for energy production when demands are high or supplies are low. If metabolic demands remain greater than protein synthesis, muscle mass is lost. Many diseases and conditions can lead to this imbalance, either through the disease itself or disease associated appetite-changes, such as loss of taste due to COVID-19. Causes of muscle atrophy, include immobility, aging, malnutrition, certain systemic diseases (cancer, congestive heart failure; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AIDS, liver disease, etc.), deinnervation, intrinsic muscle disease or medications (such as glucocorticoids).
While EU law has not yet developed a civil code for contracts, torts, unjust enrichment, real or personal property, or commerce in general, European legal scholars have drafted common principles, including Principles of European Contract Law and Principles of European Tort Law that are common to member states. In absence of harmonisation, there is a comprehensive system of conflicts of laws to settle the jurisdiction of courts, and the applicable law, for most commercial disputes. The Brussels I Regulation 2012 determines the jurisdiction of courts depending upon where a person is domiciled or has operations. The applicable law for consensual obligations is then determined by the Rome I Regulation, where article 3 states the principle that a choice of law can be made expressly in a contract, unless this affects provisions that cannot be derogated from, such as employment, consumer, tenancy or other rights. The Rome II Regulation determines applicable law in the case of non-consensual obligations, such as torts and unjust enrichment. Under article 4 the general rule is that the law applies where "the damage occurred", although under article 7 in the case of "environmental damage or damage sustained by persons or property as a result" there is a choice to bring an action under the law of the tortfeasor. Unlike other property forms, intellectual property rights are comprehensively regulated by a series of directives on copyrights, patents and trademarks.
==== São Francisco River transposition and water infrastructure ==== On 9 February 2022, water from the São Francisco River transposition project reached Jardim de Piranhas in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the Seridó region. However, the flow lasted only 15 days, as the transposition structures had not yet been completed. Only on 13 August 2025 did the waters of the São Francisco transposition reach Rio Grande do Norte without interruption, following the completion of the works. In the state, the water flows through the bed of the Piranhas–Açu River toward the Oiticica Dam in Jucurutu and the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam between the municipalities of Açu, Itajá and São Rafael. In May 2025, a service order was signed to double the water pumping capacity across the entire Northern Axis at the pumping stations EBI1 in Cabrobó (Pernambuco), EBI2 in Terra Nova (Pernambuco), and EBI3 in Salgueiro (Pernambuco). The flow is expected to increase from 24.75 m3/s to 49 m3/s, benefiting 237 municipalities and about 8.1 million people in the states of Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. The project is expected to cost 491.3 million reais and to be completed in 2027. The government has also supported works on the Apodi branch in Rio Grande do Norte and the Salgado branch in Ceará, parts of the original PISF project, scheduled for completion in 2026 and 2027, as well as the Adutora da Fé in Bahia and the Canal do Sertão Baiano.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.
No. Cardarine is not a steroid hormone; it targets the nuclear receptor PPARδ. Its classification in anti-doping rules differs from anabolic steroids, though it remains prohibited in sport.
Early rodent studies reported tumor formation at multiple sites, which raised safety concerns. Sponsors stopped clinical development, and no approved human product exists.
Cardarine is commonly known as GW501516 or GW-1516. These names refer to the same synthetic compound. It is not a brand-name approved medicine.