The short version of GW501516 fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-06 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Laboratory studies have examined GW501516 in cell cultures and rodents for conditions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Some trials in humans were initiated, but development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in certain models. Those findings do not prove that the compound causes cancer in people, but they contributed to regulatory caution. Later reviews often describe the evidence as preliminary and insufficient for assessing long-term safety.
In the fitness and bodybuilding literature, cardarine is frequently discussed as an endurance agent or fat-loss compound, although such claims are not supported by robust clinical evidence. Online descriptions often mix animal data, user anecdotes, and marketing language. Researchers who study PPARδ agonists distinguish between receptor activation in controlled experiments and unsupervised use of unverified products. The latter introduces unknown purity, dose, and interactions, making reported experiences difficult to interpret scientifically.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression related to fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. GW501516 binds to this receptor with high affinity and activates downstream signaling in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Animal studies reported increased endurance and altered fuel preference, but human data remain limited and inconsistent. The precise relationship between receptor activation and observed physiological changes is still an area of active investigation. Researchers have also examined whether the compound affects inflammation or cell proliferation. No approved therapeutic indication exists for cardarine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Solubility | Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and some organic solvents; practically insoluble in water | Solvent choice affects laboratory handling |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Common condition for research samples |
| Analytical method | Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) | Used for identification and quantification in biological or product samples |
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, GSK-516, Endurobol | Names found in research and anti-doping literature |
| Regulatory status | Unapproved therapeutic; prohibited in competitive sport | Status can vary by country and context |
Because cardarine is not an approved medicine, no pharmacopeial monograph defines its identity, purity, or storage requirements. Laboratories typically rely on in-house methods and reference standards when testing materials labeled as GW501516. Certificates of analysis may report purity and identity for a specific batch, but their scope varies and they do not guarantee safety or legal status. Independent verification can include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The distinction between research chemical labeling and human use is significant because quality standards and oversight differ.
Cardarine can be detected in biological samples and product materials using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method separates compounds by chromatography and identifies them by mass-to-charge transitions, allowing low-level detection in urine or blood. Sample preparation often involves enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction, or protein precipitation. Certified reference materials and isotope-labeled internal standards improve quantification. Detection windows depend on metabolism, matrix, and assay sensitivity, so no single universal window applies.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
== Origin == GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion by stimulating the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. GHRH is released in a pulsatile manner, stimulating similar pulsatile release of GH. In addition, GHRH promotes slow-wave sleep directly. Growth hormone is required for normal postnatal growth, bone growth, regulatory effects on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.
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=== 1971 === January 25: Idi Amin launches a successful coup d'état against Milton Obote in Uganda and declares himself President of Uganda. Under Amin, Uganda would switch allegiances to the Eastern Bloc and develop strong ties to the Soviet Union and East Germany. February 8: South Vietnamese forces enter Laos to briefly cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail. February 11: Seabed Arms Control Treaty is signed banning the placement of nuclear weapons outside of a country's 12-mile (22.2 km) coastal zone. March 10: Dominion of Ceylon declared under emergency conditions after communist People's Liberation Front attacks the American embassy. March 25 : Bangladeshi genocide From The West Pakistani Troops until 16 December March 26: Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence and Bangladesh Liberation War begin April 19: Salyut 1 is launched becoming the first space station. May 15: Anwar Sadat's Corrective Revolution purges Nasserist members of the government and security forces, and eventually expels the Soviet military from Egypt. May 28: Mars 3 is launched. May 30: Mariner 9 is launched. July 19–22: a communist-backed coup attempted unsuccessfully against Jaafar Nimeiry in Sudan. September: 105 Soviet officials expelled from Great Britain by Prime Minister Edward Heath in Operation FOOT. September 3: Four-Power Agreement on Berlin is signed by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, and the United States. October 11: Salyut 1 burns up in the atmosphere.
=== Urban decay === Detroit has experienced significant urban decay—the process in which a previously flourishing city falls into disuse and disrepair, characterized commonly by empty plots of land, abandoned, decrepit, and often vandalized buildings, high unemployment rates, and high crime rates. Detroit has become one of the most infamous examples of such cities in the United States. Abandoned residential and commercial buildings are widespread; in 2014, 30% of residential buildings in the city were partially or fully vacant. The problem is so severe that the city has been likened to a ghost town. In the 1940s, Detroit was the fourth-largest city in the U.S. thanks in large part to the automobile industry. Vehicle manufacturers Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler had their factories there, which made the city a source of employment for many people. In the 1950s, the industry was no longer confined to Detroit; it began to spread out when vehicle manufacturers began to move their factories elsewhere, which led to the old factories being closed and abandoned, and eventually, many of them were vandalized. This was a side effect of automation and globalization. While improvements have been made, blight remains specifically in predominantly African American neighborhoods. A significant percentage of housing parcels in the city are vacant, with abandoned lots making up more than half of total residential lots in large portions of the city. With at least 70,000 abandoned buildings, 31,000 empty houses, and 90,000 vacant lots, Detroit has become notorious for its urban blight.
Oral, intravenous, intra-arterial, or intramuscular routes of protein administration are not always as effective, as the therapeutic protein may be metabolized or cleared before it can enter the target tissue. Cell-based pro-angiogenic therapies are still early stages of research, with many open questions regarding best cell types and dosages to use.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
CH3CH2OH + NAD+ → CH3CHO + NADH + H+ This allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages, but its evolutionary purpose is probably the breakdown of alcohols naturally contained in foods or produced by bacteria in the digestive tract. Another evolutionary purpose is reversible metabolism of retinol (vitamin A), an alcohol, to retinaldehyde, also known as retinal, which is then irreversibly converted into retinoic acid, which regulates expression of hundreds of genes.
=== Protein complex purification === Complexes of interacting proteins may also be purified using the SBP-Tag because elution with biotin permits recovery under conditions in which desired complexes remain associated. For example, the Condensin Complex was purified by Kim et al. [2010] and complexes with the TAZ transcriptional co-activator were purified by Zhang et al. [2009]. The SBP-Tag has also been incorporated into several Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) systems in which successive purification steps are utilized with multiple tags, for example GFP fusion proteins and BTK-protein complexes were purified using a TAP protocol with the SBP-Tag and the His-Tag, HDGF-protein complexes were purified using a TAP protocol with the SBP-Tag and with the FLAG-tag and Wnt complexes were purified using a TAP protocol with the SBP-Tag and with the [Calmodulin-Tag]. TAP is generally used with protein complexes and several studies report significant improvements in purity and yield when the SBP-Tag TAP systems are compared to non-SBP-Tag systems. Commercial TAP systems that use the SBP-Tag include the Interplay® Adenoviral and Mammalian TAP Systems sold by Agilent Technologies, similar products are sold by Sigma-Aldrich.
=== Distillation === Since liquids often have different boiling points, mixtures or solutions of liquids or gases can typically be separated by distillation, using heat, cold, vacuum, pressure, or other means. Distillation can be found in everything from the production of alcoholic beverages, to oil refineries, to the cryogenic distillation of gases such as argon, oxygen, nitrogen, neon, or xenon by liquefaction (cooling them below their individual boiling points).
More sanctions were eased on 13 February, with the issue of two licenses allowing international companies to operate oil and gas projects in Venezuela and to negotiate contracts. Payments go to a US-controlled foreign government deposit fund. US energy secretary that visited the Venezuela in February, said that oil sales have hit $1 billion since January and would hit another $5 billion in months. The US Treasury Department indicated that companies working of Venezuelan oil trade have to pay local taxes, permits and fees to the government of Venezuela, while royalties and federal taxes must be paid into a fund managed by the United States. During the 2026 State of the Union Address, Trump announced that the US "just received from our new friend and partner, Venezuela, more than 80 million barrels of oil." According to the Reuters in February, the Venezuelan oil ministry cancelled 19 contracts with private companies on oil and gas in Venezuela signed under the government of Nicolás Maduro. Venezuelan and US administrations are reviewing the credentials of the companies that signed them. In March, the United States issued a license to authorize the trade of Venezuelan gold and allow deals with Minarven, Venezuela's state-owned gold mining company. On 28 August 2026, President Donald Trump announced that the United States had reached an oil agreement with Venezuela's interim government, led by Delcy Rodríguez. Trump stated on his social media platform that the agreement would give the United States majority control over 65 billion barrels of proven oil reserves in Venezuela.
Tuftsin (L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine) is a peptide related primarily to the immune system function. Rigin (glycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine) is a tetrapeptide with functions similar to those of tuftsin. Postin (Lys-Pro-Pro-Arg) is the N-terminal tetrapeptide of cystatin C and an antagonist of tuftsin. Endomorphin-1 (H-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) and endomorphin-2 (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2) are peptide amides with the highest known affinity and specificity for the μ opioid receptor. Morphiceptin (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2) is a casomorphin peptide isolated from β-casein. Gluten exorphines A4 (H-Gly-Tyr-Tyr-Pro-OH) and B4 (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-OH) are peptides isolated from gluten. Tyrosine-MIF-1 (H-Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) is an endogenous opioid modulator. Tetragastrin (N-((phenylmethoxy)carbonyl)-L-tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide) is the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin. Kentsin (H-Thr-Pro-Arg-Lys-OH) is a contraceptive peptide first isolated from female hamsters. Achatin-I (glycyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl-aspartic acid) is a neuroexcitatory tetrapeptide from giant African snail (Achatina fulica). Tentoxin (cyclo(N-methyl-L-alanyl-L-leucyl-N-methyl-trans-dehydrophenyl-alanyl-glycyl)) is a natural cyclic tetrapeptide produced by phytopathogenic fungi from genus Alternaria. Rapastinel (H-Thr-Pro-Pro-Thr-NH2) is a partial agonist of the NMDA receptor.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism and energy balance. This mechanism has been studied mainly in animals and cell models, not established as a safe human therapy.
No. It is not an anabolic-androgenic steroid; it is a synthetic PPARδ agonist. Because it is banned in sport, it is sometimes grouped with doping agents even though its chemical class differs from steroids.
Human data are limited and development was discontinued, so major effects and long-term risks are not well characterized. Some early studies examined metabolic markers, but they do not provide a basis for unsupervised use.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic PPARδ agonist developed for research. It has not been approved as a medication in any country. It is classified as an unapproved drug and a prohibited substance in sport.